School of Food and Chemical Engineering
Yousheng Wang

 

Yousheng Wang

 

Sex:              Male

 

Birthday:     September 26, 1976

 

 

 

Professional Title: Professor

 

Department of Bioengineering,

 

Beijing Technology and Business University

 

 Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District

 

 Beijing, P.R.China NC 100048,

 

Tel: (86)-10-68984905,

 

Email: wangys@th.btbu.edu.cn

 

 

 

 

 

Research Interest

 

Postharvest Biology and Technology

 

Our research focuses on investigation the relationship between reactive oxygen species metabolism and its quality deterioration of fruit and vegetables during cold storage, transportation, and its shelf-life using systems biology techniques. Our group has construct the deterioration model of peach, plum, pear, blueberry,strawberry and raspberry,which  provides the platform for their quality control.

 

Biocontrol of Postharvest diseases

 

Our  research group focuses on  biocontrol of postharvest disease of fruit and vegetables using antagonistic yeast as well as antifungal and antioxidative substances from Chinese Herbs . The current research task is to establish yeast cell proliferation/death model under the key nutrient of sodium citrate, to characterize the relationship between the yeast lifespan and cAMP level, to study the impact of yeast phosphodiesterase inhibitors on the cAMP level and yeast lifespan, and to determine whether PKA and Ca2+ signalling pathway responds to the cAMP action in the presence of PKA-specific inhibitors, the Ca2+ chelator, and Ca2+ release channel of IP3 receptor inhibitors.

 

Winemaking Microbiology

 

Microbiol diversity of grape and wine, including grape planting, havesting,  primary fermentation, malo-lactic conversion, bottling, is regarded as the main factor that influences the quality and shelf-life of wine. Our  research group focuses on the relationship between micboriol diversity, grape disease control and winemaking, as well as the health effect of wine.

 

 

 

 X-ray Structures of Phosphodiesterases and Structure-based bioactive substance screening

 

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) hydrolyzes adenosine or guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phophate (cAMP or cGMP) to 5'-AMP and 5'-GMP. Selective PDE inhibitors towards a certain family of PDEs have been widely studied as therapeutic agents for treatment of various human diseases. An example is the PDE5 inhibitor VIAGRA that is a prescription drug for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction.Our research focuses on enzymatic and structural characterization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), structure-based design of PDE selective inhibitors from fruits and vegetables that can be used as Chinese Herb. We have obtained PDE selective inhibitors from green tea, grape wine.

 

Education:

 

Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Ph.D.  July 2005. Botany,

 

Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, M.S.  July 2002, Postharvest Biology and Technology

 

School of Biological Science, Shandong Normal University, B.S., July 1999, Food Science and Technology,

 

Employment:

 

July 2005 - October 2008, Lecturer, Beijing Technology and Business University, China.

 

November 2008September 2014, Associate Professor, Beijing Technology and Business University, China.

 

October 2014-, Professor, Beijing Technology and Business University, China.

 

September 2010-March 2011, Visiting Scholar, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.

 

January 2015-July 2015, Visiting Professor, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.

 

Professional Societies:

 

Society for Chinese Society for Cell Biology, 2007--present

 

Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2009--present

 

Agricultural Products Storage and Processing-Branch of CAASS, 2009--present

 

Referee of Journals:

 

Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants

 

Food Science

 

Food Safety & Quality Detection Technology

 

Current Grants

 

(1)     National Natural Science Foundation of China, Jan.1,2015- Dec.31,2018

 

Title: Antioxidative mechanism of tea polyphenols regulated by Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or Cyclic GMP(cGMP) signaling pathway

 

Role: PI

 

(2)     National Natural Science Foundation of China, Jan.1,2013-Dec.31,2016

 

Title: Mechanism of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway regulating cell viability of antagonistic yeast

 

Role: PI

 

(3)     National Key Technologies R&D Program of China, July1,2014- Dec.31,2015

 

Title: Screening of free radical scavenging network from berries based on metabolomics

 

    Role: PI

 

Past Grants

 

(1)     National Natural Science Foundation of China, PI: Yousheng Wang, Title: Mechanism of yeast apoptosis based on metabolomics and phenotype microassay, Jan.1,2010- Dec.31,2012

 

(2)     Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China, PI: Yousheng Wang, Title: Mechanism of yeast apoptosis based on metabolomics and phenotype microassay Jan.1,2012- June 30,2014

 

(3)      Beijing Nova Programme, PI: Yousheng Wang, Title: Screening of natural preservatives from Chinese Medicine based on metabolomics,Aug.1,2008- Jan.1,2012

 

(4)     National Key Technologies R&D Program of China, PI: Yousheng Wang, Title: Metabolomics of Quality Deteriation of Peach and Plum fruits, Jan.1,2007- Dec.31,2010,

 

Publications(*corresponding author)

 

1)        Maurice D H., Ke H, Ahmad F, Wang Y, Chung J, Manganiello* V C. Advances in Targeting Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2014,13:290-314.

 

2)        Tian Y, Cui W, Huang M, Robinson H, Wan Y, Wang Y*, Ke H*. Dual specificity and novel structural folding of yeast phosphodiesterase-1 for hydrolysis of second messengers cAMP and cGMP. Biochemistry, 2014, 53(30): 4938-4945.

 

3)        Wang Y S*, Cai Q W, Gu Z C, Li B X, Yang H W, Chen X Y, Li L P, Wang G X*. Multivariate statistical analysis of the effect of UV treatment on quality and reactive oxygen metabolism of garlic sprouts. Food Science, 2014, 35(14): 223-228.

 

4)        Wang Y S*, Tian Y Y, Cai Q W. Optimization of induction condition of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2014,32(3):38 -42.

 

5)        Wang Y S*, Cai Q W, An L, Liang L S, Wang G X, Liu Y G. Multivariate analysis of the influence of 1-Methylcyclopropene and chlorine dioxide on fruit quality of blueberry during low temperature storage. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2014, 14(5): 253-258.

 

6)        Wang Y S*, He X M, Zhang Y, Chen Y J. 16S rNA gene sequence and carbon netabolic fingerprint analysis of a chloramphenicol resistant septic bacterial strain isolated from cosmetics. Journal of Microbiology,2014,34(2):29-32.

 

7)        An L, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Wang Y S*. Effect of secondary distillation on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bamboo vinegarJournal of Food Science and Technology, 2014, 32( 1): 34 – 39.

 

8)        Li J, Zhao L L, Liu Y, Wang Y S*. Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on physiologybiochemistry and fruit quality of  Yali pears. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2013, 34(3):320-323.

 

9)        Li JZhang MLi L PLuo YSun S SWang G XYang H WWang Y S*. Multivariate analysis of the effect of postharvest heat shock treatment on fruit quality and reactive oxygen species of strawberry during cold storage. Food Science, 2013, 34(16): 306-310.

 

10)    Liu Y G, Cai Q W, Wang Y S*. Mechanism of quality deterioration and controlling technology of blueberry fruit. Food Science and Technology, 2013,38(8): 76-79.

 

11)    Wang Y S*, He X M, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Li J, Li L P. Identification, rDNA ITS analysis and carbon metabolic fingerprinting of a pathogenic fungus isolated from postharvest garlic sprout. Food Science, 2013, 34(15): 171-175.

 

12)    Wang Y S*, Cai Q W, An L, Zhang Y,  Tian Y Y, He X M,  Liang L S, Wang G X, Chen Y J, Li J. Multivariate analyses of the effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene on fruit quality and reactive oxygen species in blueberry fruit. Food Science, 2013, 34(14): 340-345.

 

13)    Liu Y G, Cai Q W, Yang H W, Zhang C J, Li J, Wang G X, Wang Y S*. Multivariate analysis of the effect of gas impingement treatment at different temperatures on fruit quality of strawberry. Food Science, 2013, 34(14): 324-328.

 

14)    Wang Y S*, Wang Z Y. Sodium citrate induces apoptosis in biocontrol yeast Cryptococcus laurentii. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2012,113, 135–142.

 

15)    Wang Y S*, Chen X Y, Li L P, Hu L. Effect of 1-MCP and salicylic acid on sugars, organic acids and amino acids in peach fruit during postharvest ripening. Advanced Materials Research, 2012, 554-556: 1361-1366.

 

16)    Wang Y S*, Zhang Y, Chen Y J. Identification, rDNA ITS analysis and carbon metabolic fingerprinting of five Monilinia fructicola strains isolated from postharvest peach and plum fruits. Food Science, 2012, 33(16): 246-250.

 

17)    Wang Y S*, Wang Z Y, Guo X M, Li L P. Multivariate analysis of fruit quality and antioxidant properties of peach treated with different volatile compounds. Food Science, 2012, 33(15):83-89.

 

18)    Wang Y S*, Chen X Y, Li L P, Hu L. Multivariate analysis of the effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on non-volatile flavor compounds in plum fruits during postharvest ripening. Food Science, 2012, 33(14):301-306.

 

19)    Wang Y S*,Chen Y J, Zhang Y. Isolation, identification and carbon metabolic fingerprinting analysis of four pathogens isolated from postharvest plum fruit. Food Science, 2012, 33(13):235-239.

 

20)    Wang Y S*Guo X MWang Z YLi L PYang H W. Multivariate analysis of fruit quality of “Angeleno” plum fumigated with four volatile compounds. Food Science, 2012, 33(12):318-323.

 

21)    Wang Y S*, Gu Z C, Zhang F. Multivariate analysis of pro- and anti-oxidant properties of raspberry and blackberry from different varieties at different maturity stages. Food Science, 2012, 33(9):81-86.

 

22)    Wang Y S*, Chen X Y, Li L P, Hu L. Effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene on non-volatile flavor substances in plum during cold storage and subsequent shelflife. Food Science, 2012, 33(8):301-307.

 

23)    Wang Z Y, Wang Y S*, Li L P. Research progress of a new model for anti-aging: Metabolics of reactive oxygen species in yeast. Food Science, 2012, 33(7):354-358.

 

24)    Chen X Y, Wang Y S*, Li L P. Comparison of three chromatographic columns in separation and analysis of 37 fatty acids in fish oil. Food Science, 2011,32(22):156-162.

 

25)    Yang H W, Chen X Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y S*, Li L P. Analysis of the relationship between quality and active oxygen species metabolism in nectarine during postharvest ripening and pathogenesis. Food Science, 2011,32(20):244-248.

 

26)    Li B X, Wang Y S*. Application of cytotoxicology in food industry: A Review. Food Science, 2011,32(17):384-387.

 

27)    Chen X Y, Wang Y S*, Li L P, Qin L J. Changes of volatile substances in nectarine during postharvest senescence and diseases by principle component analysis. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2011, 11(4):179-186.

 

28)    Yao Z P, Wang Y S*, Guo X M, Li L P. ITS rDNA Sequence analysis and identification of pathogens for postharvest diseases of peach fruit. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2011, 11(4):172-178.

 

29)    Wang Y S*, Guo X M, Yao Z P, Li L P. Identification and carbon metabolic fingerprinting analysis of a pathogen isolated from postharvest peach fruit. Journal of Beijing Technology and Business University(Natural Science Edition), 2011, 29(1):47-53.

 

30)    Yao Z P, Guo X M, Wang Y S*, Li L P. Comparative analyses of 26S rDNAD1/D2 sequence, metabolic fingerprint and bio-defense capability of three strains of Cryptococcus laurentii. Food Science, 2011, 32(1):135-140.

 

31)    Guo X M, Wang Y S*, Wang G X, Li L P. Effects of postharvest calcium treatment on quality and antioxidant activity of  ‘Angeleno’ plum fruits. Food Science, 2010, 31(22):467-472.

 

32)    Guo X M, An L, Wang Y S*, Wang G X, Wang Z Y, Li L P. Changes of quality and antioxidant capacity of different parts of plum fruit at two storage temperatures. Food Science, 2010, 31(20):350-355.

 

33)    Zhao Q, Wang Y S*, Wang Z Y, Wang G X, Li L P. Effect of 1-MCP and vacuum precooling on fruit quality and reactive oxygen species metabolism of blackberry during postharvest periods. Food Science, 2010, 31(18):405-410.

 

34)    Guo X M, An L, Wang Y S*, Li L P, Wang G X, Chen X Y. Principal components analysis of the influence of 1-MCP and salicylic acid treatment on fruit quality of ‘Angeleno’ plum. Food Science, 2010, 31(18):416-422.

 

35)    Chen X Y, Wang Y S*, An L, Wang Z Y, Guo X M, Wang G X, Li L P. Relationships between sensory attributes and volatile compounds in peach during cold storage-Partial least squares regression. Journal of Beijing Technology and Business University (Natural Science Edition),2010, 28(4):36-40.

 

36)    Hu L, Wang Y S*, Li L P. Optimization of precolumn derivatization for simultaneous gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of non-volatile flavor compounds in  ‘Angeleno’  plum fruit. Food Science, 2010, 31(14):186-190.

 

37)    Chen X Y, Wang Y S*, Li L P, Hu L, Wang G X. Principal components analysis of influence of 1-MCP on volatile compounds of “Okubao” peach during cold storage. Journal of Beijing Technology and Business University (Natural Science Edition),2010,28(3):48-54.

 

38)    Zhang F, Wang Y S*, Liu X Y, Guo X M, Wang G X, Li L P. Effect of pre-harvest salicylic acid spray treatment on fruit quality and antioxidant capacity of raspberry during post-harvest storage. Food Science, 2010,31(10):308-312.

 

39)    Hu L, Wang Y S*, Li L P. Optimization of extraction of volatile compounds in the nectarine fruit by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2010, 31(4): 220-222.

 

40)    Hu L, Li L P, Wang Y S*. Research progress of flavor compounds of peach and plum fruits. Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci., 2010, 38(7): 3707-3709, 3711.

 

41)    Zhu Y Y, Wang Y S*. Research and development of reaction oxygen species in fruits quality deterioration during post-harvest periods. Food Science and Technology, 2010, 35(3):33-35.

 

42)    Zhu Y Y, Wang Y S*, Zhao Q, Guo X M, Li L P. Optimization of extraction conditions for antioxidant and free radical scavenging substance production from pogadatree flower. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2009, 30(12): 130-132, 135.

 

43)    Li L, Wang Y S*, Zhang F, Wang G X, Liu X Y, Zhang Q H. Effect of pre-harvest spraying of calcium on fruit quality and free radical scavenging ability in raspberry during postharvest periods. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 2009, 31(5):616-620, 627.

 

44)    Zhu Y Y, Guo X M, Li L P, Wang Y S*. Optimization of extraction conditions for oxidation resistant components from pogadatree flower and qualitative analysis. Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci., 2009, 37(26): 12697-12698, 12746.

 

45)    Liu X Y, Wang Y S*, Wang L. Investigation of functional cosmetics consumption status in China. Flavour Fragrance Cosmetics, 2009, 5:46-48.

 

46)    Gui J, Wang Y S*, Chen L G. Investigation of functional food consumption status in China. Food Science and Technology, 2009, 34(9):248-251.

 

47)    Wang Y S*, Xu M Y. Screening of free radical-scavenging ability of selected Chinese Herbs , The roles of free radicals in biology and medicine (XIV Beinnial meeting of the society for free radical research International), 2009, 153-157.

 

48)    Song Y, Dong Y M, Wang Y S*, Li L, Sha B M. Study on the extraction technique for free radical scavenging substance from pogadatree flower( Sophora japonica L. ). Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci., 2009,37(5):2049-2050,2053.

 

49)    Song Y, Dong Y M, Wang Y S*. Progress in functional components on eliminating of acne. Journal of Beijing Technology and Business University(Natural Science Edition),  2008,26(6):13-17.

 

50)    Wang Y S*, Dong Y M, Song Y, Hei W J. Extraction storage and qualitative analysis of free radicals scavenging substances from sweet potato leaves. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2008, 9(2):1-5, 9.

 

51)    Wang Y S*, Tian S P, Xu Y. Interaction between Cryptococcus laurentii, Monilinia fructicola, and sweet cherry fruit at different temperatures. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2008, 7(1):101-110.

 

52)    Wang Y S*, Zhu Y Y, Dong Y M. Cosmetics preservativescurrent status and prospects. Detergent & Cosmetics, 2007, 30(12), 15-18.

 

53)    Ding Z S, Tian S P, Wang Y S, Li B Q, Chan Z L, Han J, Xu Y. Physiological response of loquat fruit to different storage conditions and it storability. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2006, 41 143-150.

 

54)    Song Y, Dong Y M, Wang Y S*. Interaction of cosmetic preservatives, surfactant with functional additives. Detergent & Cosmetics, 2006, 29(8), 25-27, 36.

 

55)    Wang Y S, Wang G X, Liang L S. Effects of various O2 and CO2 concentrations on the quality of “Okubao” peach fruit during storage. Transactions of the CSAE, 2006, 22, 214-218.

 

56)    Wang G X, Wang Y S, Liang L S. Studies on chilling injury and quality deterioration of ‘okubao’ peach under different storage temperature strategies. Forest Research, 2005, 18,114-120.

 

57)    Wang Y S, Tian S P, Xu Y. Effects of high oxygen concentration on pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes in peach fruits during postharvest periods. Food chemistry, 2005, 91 99-104.

 

58)    Tian S P, Jiang A L, Xu Y, Wang Y S. Responses of physiology and quality of sweet cherry fruit to different atmospheres in storage. Food Chemistry, 2004, 87 43–49.

 

59)    Tian S P, Oin G Z, Xu Y, Wang Y S. Application of antagonistic yeasts under field conditions and their biocontrol ability against postharvest diseases of sweet cherry.  Acta Botanica Sinica, 2004, 46, 1324-1330.

 

60)    Yao H J, Tian S P, Wang Y S. Sodium bicarbonate enhances biocontrol efficacy of yeasts on fungal spoilage of pears. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2004, 93, 297– 304.

 

61)    Wang Y S, Tian S P, Xu Y, Qin G Z, Yao H J. Changes in the activities of pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes in peach fruit inoculated with Cryptococcus laurentii or Penicillium expansum at 0 or 20 C. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2004, 34 21-28.

 

62)    Xu Y X, Wang Y S, Wang G X. Utilization of Rubus corchorifolius and Its Development in China. Nonwood Forest Research, 2003, 21, 64-66.

 

63)    Wang Y S, Wang G X. Quality Deterioration of Chilling Injury Peach Fruits and Some Alleviation Methods. Forest Research, 2003, 16, 465-472.

 

64)    Wang Y S, Wang G X, Li C , Yi  L S. Feasibility study on prolonging throughput of canned white peach by fruit material storage. Transactions of the CSAE, 2003, 19, 201-204.

 

65)    Wang Y S, Wang G X, Li C , Yi  L S. Effect of different processing technologies on the flavor of canned “okubao” peach fruits. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2002, 23, 64-66.

 

66)    Wang Y S, Xu Y X, Wang G X. Progress on berry breeding. Forest Science and Technology, 2001, 10, 4-6.

 

Books

 

1)      Wang Y S (Eds). Active substances from fruits and vegetables and its applications. Science Press,  August, 2015.

 

2)      Wang Y S. Antagonistic yeast & Biocontrol of Postharvest Disease of Fruits and Vegetables. Intellectual Property Publishing House Co., Ltd, August, 2012.

 

3)      Wang Y S. Ageing and Anti-ageing oat cosmetics. Microbial enzyme & Beauty and Health Care (eds) Ren Q, Fu Guoliang, China Agriculture Science & Technology Press, June, 2009.

 

Patent granted

 

1)        Wang Y SGuo X M Wang G X Li L P. A preservation method, preservatives formula and its production method for fresh plum fruits. Patent NoZL 201010200364.6. Issue date of Patent: Sep. 5,2012.

 

2)        Wang Y S Guo X M Wang G X Li L P. A preservation method, preservatives formula and its production method for fresh peach fruits. Patent NoZL 201010200440.3. Issue date of Patent: May 23, 2012.

 

3)        Wang Y S, Wang G X, Zhang F, Liu X Y, Li L, Gui J. A preservation method and its preservatives formula for fresh raspberry fruit. Patent NoZL 200810172478.7. Issue date of Patent: Dec. 28, 2011.

 

4)        Wang Y S, Xu M Y. A formula of Free radical scavenging network agents. Patent NoZL 200810132211.5Issue date of Patent:Sep.28, 2011.

 

5)        Wang Y S, Liu Y G, Zhu Y Y, Song Y, Huang Y J, Liu Y. A formula of free radical scavenging agents. Patent NoZL 200810057564.3Issue date of Patent:Nov.3,2010.

 

6)        Dong Y M, Wang C T, Wang Y S, Lan S Y, Ren Q, Zhao H, He C F. Oat peptide and its extraction method. Patent NoZL 200610089525.2Issue date of Patent:Feb.4, 2009.

 

7)        Dong Y M, Wang C T, Wang Y S, Lan S Y, Ren Q, Zhao H, He C F. A method for extracting oat β- glucosan. Patent NoZL 200610089486.6Issue date of Patent: June 11, 2008.

 

8)        Tian S P, Wang Y S, Xu Y. An optimized culture method of antagonistic yeast. Patent No ZL 200510090063.1, Issue date of Patent: Feb. 13, 2008.

 

9)        Tian S P, Wang Y S, Xu Y. An optimized culture method of antagonistic yeast. Patent No ZL 200510103029.3.1, Issue date of Patent: Feb.13, 2008.

 

10)    Tian S P, Wang Y S. Freeze-drying product of Cryptococcus laurentii. Patent No ZL 200510090065.0, Issue date of Patent: Dec. 5, 2007.

 

11)    Tian S P, Wang Y S. Freeze-drying product of antagonistic yeast. Patent No ZL 200510103030.6, Issue date of Patent: Oct. 24, 2007.

 

Courses taught

 

1)      Graduate Education: Metabolic engineering, Food Biosafety.

 

2)      Undergraduate Education: Cell Biology, Microbiology, General Biology, Food Control.

 

 Invited presentations

 

1)       Wang Y S. Metabolomics of Quality Deteriation of Plum fruits. 6th Food Science International Symposium. Beijing, 05-11 October, 2010. Post Presentation. Oral Presentation.

 

2)       Wang Y S, Xu M Y, Li B Y, Song Y, Zhu Y Y. Antioxidant and Free Radical-scavenging Activities of Selected Chinese Herbs for Functional Food. 14th World Congress of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai, 19-23 October, 2008, pp680-681. Oral Presentation.

 

3)       Wang Y S, Tian S P, Xu Y. Optimization of nutritional and environmental conditions for the liquid culture production of Rhodotorula glutinis. 14th World Congress of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai, 19-23 October, 2008, pp235. Oral Presentation.

 

4)       Wang Y S  Xu M Y, Li B Y. Screening of Free Radical-scavenging Ability of Selected Chinese Herbs. XIV Biennial Meeting of the Society for Free Radical Research International, Beijing, 17-22 October, 2008, pp335-336. Post Presentation.

 

5)       Wang Y S Zhu Y Y, Jiao W, Zhai X L. Cell death and regrowth of biocontrol yeast Cryptococcus laurentii induced by sodium citrate. Book of 6th International Meeting on Yeast Apoptosis, Leuven, Belgium, 30 Aprial-4 May, 2008, pp23-24. Post Presentation.

 

 

 

 


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